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Continuum,
Neurotoxicology, October 2008,
Volume 14,
Issue 5
| Issue Overview |
| Key Points for Issue. (pdf) |
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faculty page.
(PDF only)
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learning objectives.
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editor's preface.
- Miller, Aaron
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identification of neurotoxic disease.
- Schaumburg, Herbert, Albers, James
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Show/Hide Abstract
The majority of neurotoxic disease in North America is iatrogenic, and identification of the causative agent is rarely difficult. Industrial, environmental, and biological neurotoxic disorders may pose formidable diagnostic and therapeutic problems. This chapter emphasizes the primary role of a detailed history and suggests areas of inquiry that may help identify the cause. Information about unusual aspects of neurotoxic illness is provided, and some fundamental tenets are listed to guide the clinician who rarely encounters these disorders in everyday practice. In a final section, representative case studies from our extensive experience in clinical neurotoxicology will be presented.(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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terrestrial biotoxins.
- Stommel, Elijah
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Show/Hide Abstract
This chapter describes some of the terrestrial biological toxins (biotoxins), including, but not limited to, diphtheria, tetanus, botulinum, snake envenomations, insect envenomations, anthrax, mushrooms, and some plant toxins, that are capable of causing neurologic disease. Many toxins are not covered in this chapter, but those that are common and important to neurology are included. Not all infections pertaining to neurologic disease are discussed, but the discussion includes some of the important bacteria that have neurotoxic effects and one virus, small pox, that has neurologic effects, as does its vaccine. Those biotoxins that have the biggest impact in neurologic disease are highlighted, and the chapter also alludes to the importance some of them have for neuroscience and also for bioterrorism, which is discussed in more detail in the chapter "Neurologic Aspects of Chemical and Biological Terrorist Threats."(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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neurologic marine biotoxins.
- Watters, Michael
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Show/Hide Abstract
Much of our knowledge regarding nerve and neuromuscular action potentials has evolved from work using marine biotoxins targeting voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. Clinical syndromes are associated with the ingestion of thermostable polyether toxins (ciguatera, shellfish syndromes), passive contact with heat-sensitive neuropeptide toxins (jellyfish, anemones, venomous fish, and stingrays), or active envenomation (sea snakes, cone snails) with venom containing multiple toxins affecting nerves as well as muscles. Several marine biotoxins can discriminate between closely related cellular targets, making them useful in defining cation channels and attractive for drug development. Databases, domain imaging, query tools, and genetic mining are powerful and cost-efficient allies in the development of new drugs and diagnostics from marine biotoxins.(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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industrial and environmental toxins.
- Kumar, Neeraj
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Show/Hide Abstract
The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are vulnerable to insult from a broad range of industrial and environmental toxins. Over the past few decades, increased public and scientific interest has developed in the health consequences of exposure to these toxins. This chapter discusses the major industrial and environmental toxins that are known to be associated with significant neurotoxicity. The potential toxins have been categorized as metals, solvents and other chemicals, and gases and pesticides.(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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cyanobacterial toxins in neurodegeneration.
- Mash, Deborah
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Show/Hide Abstract
Cyanobacteria can generate molecules that are toxic to human health, including the production of neurotoxic substances. This chapter focuses on [beta]-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) as an example of a high-exposure cyanobacterial neurotoxin that has been linked to occurrence of ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam. The historical account of the BMAA hypothesis is presented, together with a discussion of possible mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic effects of this nonprotein amino acid. This chapter also alludes to the global importance of marine cyanobacterial blooms and the fate of BMAA in marine and freshwater ecosystems, which may contribute to sporadic neurodegenerative diseases occurring outside of Guam.(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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neurologic aspects of chemical and biological terrorist threats.
- Newmark, Jonathan
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Show/Hide Abstract
Several chemical and biological agents that could be used with malign intent have specifically neurologic manifestations. Two chemical, four biological, and one toxin threat are reviewed, with specific attention to their clinical neurologic manifestations. Of these threats, the most relevant to neurologists, and the ones about which neurologists are most likely to be consulted, are the organophosphonate nerve agents. Community and academic neurologists should expect to play a role in devising community response plans to attacks using these agents.(C) 2008 American Academy of Neurology
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ethical perspectives in neurology.
- Cohen, Jeffrey
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patient management problem.
- Watters, Michael
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index.
(PDF only)
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Take Continuum Online CME for this issue
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