2023 Annual Meeting | S31 - MS Clinical Decision Making and Special Populations

Date Tuesday 04/25/23

Time 03:30 PM - 05:30 PM EST Add To Calendar

Session Format This program will be presented both in-person and online

On Demand This program will be available in the meeting's On Demand product.

Event Type Scientific Platform Session

Topic(s) Multiple Sclerosis

Learning Objectives A group of abstracts covering a similar topic presented in an oral format. Presentations are eight minutes in length with four minutes for question and answer with the author.

CME Available 2.00 CME credits

Recommended Audience Fellow, Resident, General Neurologist, Specialist Neurologist, Non-neurologist, Advanced Practice Provider, Neurohospitalist, Medical Student

Teaching Styles Didactic

Program Materials Program Evaluations

Event Timeline
03:30 PM - 03:42 PM EST	Abstract	001 - Evaluation of B-cell Abnormalities in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers on anti-CD20 Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis Anna Shah, MD
03:42 PM - 03:54 PM EST	Abstract	002 - Race Disparities in Pregnancy Care and Clinical Outcomes in Women with MS: a Diverse, Multicenter Cohort Anne Marie Radzik
03:54 PM - 04:06 PM EST	Abstract	003 - Latinx with multiple sclerosis have greater disability and loss of deep and cortical gray matter Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, FAAN
04:06 PM - 04:18 PM EST	Abstract	004 - Final Analysis of Pregnancy Outcomes Following Exposure to Dimethyl Fumarate in a Prospective International Registry Kerstin Hellwig
04:18 PM - 04:30 PM EST	Abstract	005 - Impact of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) on Relapse Risk in Women with Multiple Sclerosis Nele Rosa Range
04:30 PM - 04:42 PM EST	Abstract	006 - An Interim Analysis of Efficacy and Safety Data in Black and Hispanic Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Ocrelizumab Treatment in the CHIMES Trial Evanthia Bernitsas, MD, FAAN
04:42 PM - 04:54 PM EST	Abstract	007 - Real-World Effectiveness of Ocrelizumab in a Multi-Centre Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS) Cohort in the United Kingdom Omar Abdel-Mannan, MD
04:54 PM - 05:06 PM EST	Abstract	008 - Longitudinal Cognitive Screening Findings in Pediatric MS vs. Pediatric Controls and Adult MS in a Multi-center Cohort Kimberly O'Neill, MD
05:06 PM - 05:18 PM EST	Abstract	009 - Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria for Radiologically Isolated Syndrome Tuncay Gunduz, MD
05:18 PM - 05:30 PM EST	Abstract	010 - Efficacy of tixagevimab/cilgavimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic COVID-19 infection in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders: a real-world observational study Christina Tan, MD

Faculty Disclosures
Tanuja Chitnis, MD, FAAN	Dr. Chitnis has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Chitnis has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche-Genentech. Dr. Chitnis has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Siemens. Dr. Chitnis has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Academic CME. The institution of Dr. Chitnis has received research support from Novartis. The institution of Dr. Chitnis has received research support from Sanofi. The institution of Dr. Chitnis has received research support from Octave. The institution of Dr. Chitnis has received research support from Genentech-Roche.
Mitzi Joi Williams, MD, FAAN	Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen Idec. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genzyme. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Janssen. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genzyme. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Janssen. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen Idec. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for EMD Serono. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Genentech. Dr. Williams has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Williams has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Williams has a non-compensated relationship as a National Board Member with National MS Society that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.
Manu S. Goyal, MD	Dr. Goyal has received stock or an ownership interest from IBM. The institution of Dr. Goyal has received research support from NIH. Dr. Goyal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Conference attendee with Capital Medical University, Shandong Madic Technology Co Ltd, Tancheng Talent Office.
Theron Charles Casper, PhD	The institution of Dr. Casper has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Casper has received research support from The National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The institution of Dr. Casper has received research support from Roche. The institution of Dr. Casper has received research support from Biogen.
Juan A. Acosta, MD	Dr. Acosta has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Genentech.
Ming Lim	Ming Lim has nothing to disclose.
Dimitrios Champsas, MBBS	Dr. Champsas has nothing to disclose.
Michelle Fabian, MD, FAAN	Dr. Fabian has nothing to disclose.
Olga Ciccarelli, PhD, FRCP	Prof. Ciccarelli has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Prof. Ciccarelli has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Merck. Prof. Ciccarelli has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for NEUROLOGY Journal.
Emmanuelle Waubant, MD, PhD, FAAN	Dr. Waubant has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for emerald pharmaceuticals. Dr. Waubant has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for elsevier. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from NMSS. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from PCORI. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from Race to Erase MS. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from Roche. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Waubant has received research support from Department of Defense. Dr. Waubant has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Timothy K. Vartanian, MD, PhD	Dr. Vartanian has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Vartanian has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Vartanian has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Vartanian has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Tisch MS Center. Dr. Vartanian has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen.
Leslie A. Benson, MD	The institution of Dr. Benson has received research support from ROHHAD Fight, Inc. The institution of Dr. Benson has received research support from Shore Foundation. The institution of Dr. Benson has received research support from Alexion Pharmacuticals. The institution of Dr. Benson has received research support from Biogen, Inc. The institution of Dr. Benson has received research support from NIH. Dr. Benson has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a consultant with MA Department of public health. Dr. Benson has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a consultant with National vaccine injury compensation program.
Gregory F. Wu, MD, FAAN	Dr. Wu has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Progentec. Dr. Wu has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Wu has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Journal of Neuroimmunology. Dr. Wu has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Department of Justice.
Pascal Sati, PhD	The institution of Dr. Sati has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The institution of Dr. Sati has received research support from National Institutes of Health. Dr. Sati has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Leah Zuroff, MD	Dr. Zuroff has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Speaker with EMD Serono.
Sandra Thiel	Ms. Thiel has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer Healthcare .
Jayne Ness, MD	An immediate family member of Dr. Ness has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Jan One. The institution of Dr. Ness has received research support from Chugai/Roche. The institution of Dr. Ness has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The institution of an immediate family member of Dr. Ness has received research support from NIH. An immediate family member of Dr. Ness has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Levent Ocek	LEVENT OCEK, 4284 has nothing to disclose.
Nele Rosa Range	Miss Range has nothing to disclose.
Timothy E. Lotze, MD	Dr. Lotze has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Department of Justice VICP. The institution of Dr. Lotze has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Lotze has received research support from National MS Society. The institution of Dr. Lotze has received research support from Sarepta Therapeutics. The institution of Dr. Lotze has received research support from PTC THERAPEUTICS. The institution of Dr. Lotze has received research support from Avexis. Dr. Lotze has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Richard A. Sater, MD, PhD, FAAN	Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hoffman-LaRoche. Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr. Sater has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for EMD Serono. The institution of Dr. Sater has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Sater has received research support from Roche. The institution of Dr. Sater has received research support from EMD Serono.
Filipe Branco	Filipe Branco has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Biogen. Filipe Branco has received stock or an ownership interest from Biogen.
Ilana B. Katz Sand, MD	The institution of Dr. Katz Sand has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The institution of Dr. Katz Sand has received research support from Hirschl Foundation. The institution of Dr. Katz Sand has received research support from National Institutes of Health. Dr. Katz Sand has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Conference presenter with American Academy of Neurology.
Mary R. Rensel, MD, FAAN	Dr. Rensel has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Rensel has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Cycle Pharma. Dr. Rensel has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for biogen. Dr. Rensel has stock in Brain Ops Group LLC. Dr. Rensel has stock in Brain Fresh LLC . The institution of Dr. Rensel has received research support from NMSS. The institution of Dr. Rensel has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Rensel has received research support from genentech.
Wallace Brownlee, MD	Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Janssen. Dr. Brownlee has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Sage.
Marisa P. McGinley, DO	Dr. McGinley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Octave. Dr. McGinley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. McGinley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. The institution of Dr. McGinley has received research support from Novartis. The institution of Dr. McGinley has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. McGinley has received research support from Genentech. The institution of Dr. McGinley has received research support from NIH.
Kerstin Hellwig	Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Teva . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genzyme . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bayer . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for BMS. Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Janssen . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for INC research . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Merck . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen . Kerstin Hellwig has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer . The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from Roche . The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from Merck . The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from Genzyme . The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from Novartis . The institution of Kerstin Hellwig has received research support from TEVA.
Annika Anderson	Annika Anderson has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of University of California, San Francisco.
John W. Rose, MD, FAAN	The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation. The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from NIH . The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from VA. The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Rose has received research support from Friends of MS. Dr. Rose has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Sophie Ahmad, Other	Ms. Ahmad has nothing to disclose.
Amit Kohli, MD	Dr. Kohli has nothing to disclose.
Evangeline Wassmer, MD	Dr. Wassmer has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Wassmer has received research support from Birmingham Children's Hospital Charity Research Foundation.
Claire Riley, MD, FAAN	Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Viracta. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Janssen Global. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. Dr. Riley has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon.
Riley Bove, MD	Dr. Bove has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon. Dr. Bove has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. Dr. Bove has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Bove has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Jansen. The institution of Dr. Bove has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Bove has received research support from Roche Genentech. The institution of Dr. Bove has received research support from Novartis.
Teri Schreiner, MD, MPH, FAAN	The institution of Dr. Schreiner has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for CDC. Dr. Schreiner has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Schreiner has received research support from Roche Genentech.
Lilyana M. Amezcua, MD, FAAN	Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for serono. Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for genentech. The institution of Dr. Amezcua has received research support from National MS Society. The institution of Dr. Amezcua has received research support from Genentech. The institution of Dr. Amezcua has received research support from Medday. The institution of Dr. Amezcua has received research support from Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation. The institution of Dr. Amezcua has received research support from NIH NINDS.
Ozlem Ethemoglu	ÖZLEM ETHEMOGLU has nothing to disclose.
Mehmet Barburoglu, Sr., MD	Dr. Barburoglu has nothing to disclose.
Evanthia Bernitsas, MD, FAAN	Dr. Bernitsas has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Janssen@Janssen. Dr. Bernitsas has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Bernitsas has received research support from Roche/Genentech.
Xiaochen Lin, PhD	Dr. Lin has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Biogen. Dr. Lin has stock in Biogen.
Maria K. Houtchens, MD	Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche . Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Serono. Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Cravath. Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Beasley . Dr. Houtchens has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Houtchens has received research support from Genzyme. The institution of Dr. Houtchens has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Houtchens has received research support from Genentech.
Nancy L. Sicotte, MD, FAAN	The institution of Dr. Sicotte has received research support from PCORI. The institution of Dr. Sicotte has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Sicotte has received research support from NMSS. Dr. Sicotte has a non-compensated relationship as a National Medical Advisory Committee Chair with National MS Society that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.
Enrique Alvarez, MD, PhD	Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Sanofi. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Celgene/BMS. The institution of an immediate family member of Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB. The institution of Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon. The institution of Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Motric Bio.
Rachel Brandstadter, MD	Dr. Brandstadter has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion.
Aaron Wachtenheim Abrams, MD	Dr. Abrams has nothing to disclose.
Jan-Mendelt Tillema, MD	Dr. Tillema has nothing to disclose.
Kimberly O'Neill, MD	Dr. O'Neill has nothing to disclose.
Seth Nathatn Levin, MD	Dr. Levin has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Biogen. Dr. Levin has received stock or an ownership interest from Biogen.
Lauren B. Krupp, MD, FAAN	Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Janssen. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Gerson Lerhman. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for medscape. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for NeuroLive. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Eisai. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Sanofi. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an officer or member of the Board of Directors for Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for MCIC. The institution of Dr. Krupp has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Krupp has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Dr. Krupp has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Thomas Rossor, PhD,MBBS	Dr. Rossor has nothing to disclose.
Vedat Cilingir, MD	Dr. Cilingir has nothing to disclose.
Yolanda Wheeler	Yolanda Wheeler has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Celgene Corporation. Yolanda Wheeler has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Banner Life Sciences. Yolanda Wheeler has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Mutliple Sclerosis Association of America. Yolanda Wheeler has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Multiple Sclerosis Association of America. The institution of Yolanda Wheeler has received research support from National MS Society. The institution of Yolanda Wheeler has received research support from National MS Society.
Kathryn Fitzgerald, PhD	The institution of Dr. Fitzgerald has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Fitzgerald has received research support from National MS Society.
Nancy Monson	Nancy Monson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech, Inc.. Nancy Monson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Horizon Therapeutics. Nancy Monson has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for EMD Serono. Nancy Monson has received stock or an ownership interest from TGM Life Sciences, LLC. The institution of Nancy Monson has received research support from NIH. The institution of Nancy Monson has received research support from DOD. Nancy Monson has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Moses Rodriguez, MD, FAAN	Dr. Rodriguez has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Bilge Piri Cinar	No disclosure on file
Cavid Baba, MD	Mr. Baba has nothing to disclose.
Sammita Satyanarayan, MD	Dr. Satyanarayan has nothing to disclose.
Brooke Lauren Guerrero, MD	Dr. Guerrero has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion.
Tuncay Gunduz, MD	Dr. Gunduz has nothing to disclose.
Monica R. McLemore, PhD,RN,Other	Dr. McLemore has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Lauren Tardo, MD	Dr. Tardo has a non-compensated relationship as a Tardo with The MOG Project that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.
Angel R. Chinea, MD	Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for novartis. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for biogen. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for emd serono. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for genentech. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for sanofi. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for biogen. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for emd serono. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for sanofi. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Genentech. Dr. Chinea has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for allergan.
Michael Waltz	Michael Waltz has nothing to disclose.
Mark Gorman, MD	The institution of Dr. Gorman has received research support from Pfizer. The institution of Dr. Gorman has received research support from Roche / Genetech .
Murat Kurtuncu, MD	Dr. Kurtuncu has nothing to disclose.
Lindsay A. Horton, MD	Dr. Horton has nothing to disclose.
Oksana Mokliatchouk	Oksana Mokliatchouk has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Biogen. Oksana Mokliatchouk has received stock or an ownership interest from Biogen.
Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, FAAN	Dr. Ontaneda has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Ontaneda has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech/Roche. Dr. Ontaneda has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen Idec. Dr. Ontaneda has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech/Roche. The institution of Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from PCORI. The institution of Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from NMSS. The institution of Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from Genetech.
Anne Marie Radzik	Miss Radzik has received research support from University of California, San Fransisco.
Ali Ozhan Sivaci, Sr., MD	Dr. SIVACI has nothing to disclose.
Anthony Reder, MD	The institution of Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for genentech. Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for biogen . Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for serono. Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for NK max. Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for genentech. Dr. Reder has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for medlink. The institution of Dr. Reder has received research support from genentech. The institution of Dr. Reder has received research support from biogen. The institution of Dr. Reder has received research support from serono. The institution of Dr. Reder has received research support from novartis.
Barbara Cape O'Brien, MD	Dr. O'Brien has nothing to disclose.
Gregory S. Aaen, MD	Dr. Aaen has nothing to disclose.
Sophia Eugenia Hodgkinson, MBBS	Miss Hodgkinson has nothing to disclose.
Laura Madeline Locke, NP	Ms. Locke has nothing to disclose.
Sukhvir Wright	No disclosure on file
Elizabeth Verter, MD	Dr. Verter has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. Dr. Verter has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving as a Fellow with National MS Society.
Allan George	Allan George has nothing to disclose.
Anna Shah, MD	The institution of Dr. Shah has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. The institution of Dr. Shah has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Shah has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Educational Speaker with Rocky Mountain MS Center.
Jasmin Patel, MD	Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose.
Tucker Harvey	Mr. Harvey has nothing to disclose.
Edith Graham, MD	Dr. Graham has nothing to disclose.
Denise Bruen	Denise Bruen has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Can Do MS. Denise Bruen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Denise Bruen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for BMS. Denise Bruen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi Genzyme. Denise Bruen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Denise Bruen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for TG Therapeutics.
Serkan Ozakbas, MD	Dr. Ozakbas has nothing to disclose.
Omar Abdel-Mannan, MD	Dr. Abdel-Mannan has nothing to disclose.
Nikita Shukla, MD	Dr. Shukla has nothing to disclose.
Annette Okai, MD, FAAN	Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for BMS. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi Genzyme. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for EMD SERONO . Dr. Okai has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi Genzyme .
Christopher McGuigan, MD	Dr. McGuigan has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. McGuigan has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. McGuigan has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. The institution of Dr. McGuigan has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. McGuigan has received research support from Novartis. The institution of Dr. McGuigan has received research support from Roche.
Yael Hacohen, MBBS	Dr. Hacohen has nothing to disclose.
Jeffrey Alan Cohen, MD	Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Convelo. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Mylan. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for PSI. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Gossamer Bio. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Sage.
Kshitij Mankad	Kshitij Mankad has nothing to disclose.
Soe Soe Mar, MD, FAAN	The institution of Dr. Mar has received research support from NIH.
Ralf Gold, MD	Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen . Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genzyme. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bayer Vital. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Eisai Pharamaceuticals. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for SAGE Publishers. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Novartis. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Gold has received research support from Novartis. The institution of Dr. Gold has received research support from Biogen.
Veronica Villacorta, Other	Ms. Villacorta has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of USC.
Mefkure Eraksoy, MD	Dr. Eraksoy has nothing to disclose.
David Rog, MBBS	Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Celgene. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Merck. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for MedDay. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Sanofi Genzyme. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Merck. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Rog has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi Genzyme. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from Actelion. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from MedDay. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from Merck. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from Mitsubishi. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from Novartis. The institution of an immediate family member of Dr. Rog has received research support from Sanofi Genzyme. The institution of Dr. Rog has received research support from TG Therapeutics. Dr. Rog has received research support from Janssen-Cilag.
Jinglan Pei	Jinglan Pei has nothing to disclose.
Leigh Elkins Charvet, PhD	Dr. Charvet has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Charvet has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Springer Healthcare. Dr. Charvet has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for YBrain. Dr. Charvet has stock in Johnson&Johnson.
Shane Poole	Mr. Poole has nothing to disclose.
Craig E. Herrman, MD	The institution of Dr. Herrman has received research support from Genentech. The institution of Dr. Herrman has received research support from Merck . The institution of Dr. Herrman has received research support from Novartis.
Farren Briggs, PhD	The institution of Prof. Briggs has received research support from NIH. The institution of Prof. Briggs has received research support from Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Meral Seferoglu	No disclosure on file
Irem Ciftci	Dr. Ciftci has nothing to disclose.
Omar Al-Louzi, MD	The institution of Dr. Al-Louzi has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and American Brain Foundation. The institution of Dr. Al-Louzi has received research support from the Department of Defense.
Arman Eshaghi	No disclosure on file
Cheryl Hemingway	The institution of Cheryl Hemingway has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. The institution of Cheryl Hemingway has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. The institution of Cheryl Hemingway has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB. The institution of Cheryl Hemingway has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi. The institution of Cheryl Hemingway has received research support from Medical research Committee.
Ellen M. Mowry, MD, FAAN	Dr. Mowry has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for UpToDate. The institution of Dr. Mowry has received research support from Biogen. The institution of Dr. Mowry has received research support from Teva. The institution of Dr. Mowry has received research support from Genzyme. The institution of Dr. Mowry has received research support from Genentech.
Dina Jacobs, MD	Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen . Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Banner Life Sciences . Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi Genzyme. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Cycle Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Jacobs has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. The institution of Dr. Jacobs has received research support from Biogen . The institution of Dr. Jacobs has received research support from Genentech .
Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, MD	Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis . Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Abbvie. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genzyme &Sanofi. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Janssen . Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bayer. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Horizon. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Janssen. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Reviewer with NIH.
Vanessa Zimmerman, RN	Ms. Zimmerman has nothing to disclose.
Christina Tan, MD	Dr. Tan has nothing to disclose.
Kristen M. Krysko, MD	Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Krysko has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for EMD Serono. The institution of Dr. Krysko has received research support from MS Society of Canda. The institution of Dr. Krysko has received research support from Roche.
Burcu Zeydan, MD	The institution of Dr. Zeydan has received research support from National Institutes of Health.